Keynote speakers
ENHANCE Conference
Caterina Cinel
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering (CSEE), University of Essex, UK
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Neurotechnologies for Cognitive Augmentation
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience have paved the way to innovative applications that enhance human cognition - e.g., perception, memory, attention, communication, decision-making - in a variety of ways and contexts. Applications range from those based on passive, non-invasive devices recording neural activity, to other based on invasive devices, such as implanted micro-electrodes recording as well as stimulating the neural activity, to neuroenhancement devices aimed at modulation of brain activity. In this talk, I will give an overview of the state of the art of neurotechnologies for human cognitive augmentation, including applications in the areas of communication, attention monitoring and enhancement, with a particular focus on brain-computer interfaces for decision-making. I will also look at who might benefit from such technologies and the demands they impose in terms of user training. Finally, I will briefly review the ethical issues associated with current neuroscience technologies. These are important because they may differentially influence both present and future research on (and adoption of) neurotechnologies for human cognitive augmentation: an inferior technology with no significant ethical issues may thrive while a superior technology causing widespread ethical concerns may end up being outlawed.
Stefan Lorenz Sorgner
John Cabot University, IT
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Who Owns the Digital Data Generated by BCIs?
Abstract
In this talk, I will critically engage with the question of ownership of digital data produced by Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) through the philosophical framework of Euro-Transhumanism. I will explore whether ownership should reside with individual users, corporations, political institutions, or shared entities, and reflect on the implications of commodifying neural data for cognitive liberty. By examining this issue, I will emphasize the necessity of ethical pluralism and the development of regulatory frameworks that balance the protection of individual autonomy with the promotion of innovation. Furthermore, I will consider the possibility of utilizing digital data from BCIs as a form of payment for universal health insurance, addressing the broader intersection of digital data, personal identity, and emerging technologies.
Ty Schepis
Department of Psychology, Texas State University, USA
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Understanding the prevalence and outcomes of real-world cognitive enhancement
Abstract
Background: While cognitive enhancement using prescription stimulant medication is a long-standing focus of research and real-world experimentation, newer technologies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) offer the potential for non-medication interventions to improve cognition. Unlike stimulant medication, the availability, motives for use, and consequences of cognitive enhancement methods are understudied Methods: Systematic review of the literature, using the PubMed, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases. Results were searched using a set of terms (e.g., “neurocognitive”, “cognitive”, “enhancement”,
“improvement”, “medication”, “stimulation”) in various combinations. Searches occurred in 2024, concluding in early November 2024. Results: A wealth of research evidence suggests that prescription stimulant misuse is common in young adults, especially those pursuing higher education. Such misuse is primarily for cognitive enhancement purposes, though a notable minority engage in misuse for recreational or euphoric purposes. Consequences of prescription stimulant misuse among those without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are generally minor, as are any benefits, but include transition to illicit stimulant use and development of substance use disorder. Caffeine use as cognitive enhancement is also common, with debates about its effectiveness and limited evidence of harms. Other medications or supplements (e.g., melatonin) have only limited research on potential cognitive enhancement. Brain stimulation and brain-computer interface interventions are largely or exclusively limited to lab or clinical settings, and ongoing research is assessing their impact. Implications: Clear research evidence suggests that misuse of prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals (i.e., those without ADHD) has limited benefits with the potential for significant risks. Other interventions to enhance cognition are limited primarily to laboratory or clinical environments but warrant ongoing study and surveillance to understand how their use potentially expands and what the positive effects and negative consequences are of these interventions.
Anna Wexler
Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Navigating the Future of Cognitive Enhancement Technologies
Abstract
In an era where neurotechnology holds the promise of transcending human cognitive limitations, the ethical, societal, and regulatory implications of its adoption are subjects of critical importance. Although many envisioned devices are not yet available, this presentation will focus on research concerning existing cognitive enhancement technology. I will begin by outlining the current landscape of neural recording and neural stimulation devices marketed to the general public for cognitive enhancement. I will then present data on how alternative medical practitioners are marketing neurofeedback services to the public for neuroenhancement purposes. Additionally, I will explore the ethical issues raised by these devices and services, such as those related to truthful representation of evidence base, marketing to vulnerable populations, provider competency, deception, and conflicts of interest. Finally, I will discuss the different regulatory pathways for neuroenhancement products and services, highlighting the limits of government oversight. To conclude, I will suggest several measures beyond regulation that can mitigate risks and maximize the positive impact of cognitive enhancement technologies.