Metagenomics, the direct analysis of DNA from a whole environmental community, represents a strategy for discovering genes with diverse functionality. In the past, the identification of new genes with desired activities has relied primarily on relatively low-throughput function-based screening of environmental DNA clone libraries. Current sequencing technologies can generate more than 600 Gbp of sequence data in a single experiment, allowing sequence-based metagenomic discovery of complete genes or even genomes from environmental samples with moderate microbial species complexity.